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FEATURED TOPICDigital Transition -The term "Digital Transition" describes the process all organizations must go through in the 21st Century, as they leverage new technologies that provide new options for Applications, Equipment, Processes, and Networks that make them more effective. In contrast, the term "Municipal Wireless" is limiting. It puts the network technology ahead of the application and process changes that drive the business case. ORIENTATION |
My Vision - Small & Simple MetroNet Projects, By the Thousands"MetroNet" broadband is a different concept than the status quo of Cable and DSL broadband access service, what most of the nation sees when they think of broadband. In contrast, MetroNets are a piece of a bigger process that I call "Field Digital Transition," where a city or community decides to invest in the applications, processes, and supporting network to move into a 21st century approach to doing its business and accomplishing its tasks. The coverage area may vary, from a larger region such as a county, to a citywide network, a downtown area Hot Zone, or a planned community, down to neighborhoods or apartment complexes. With technology advances, we all have new tools and alternatives when it comes to living our lives and accomplishing work and play. How and when a community embraces this digital transition is becoming a signpost for progressive thinking and a region's potential for the future. As times grow harder, we're entering a period of change. We're not only transitioning from traditional analog tools and processes to digital, but also transitioning from a time of plentiful resources (and wasteful behavior patterns) to a time where resources are more scarce and expensive, leading us all to look at how we do things in new ways and to add the word "conservation" to our vocabularies. In a sense, this new version of acting "conservatively" is about efficiency and effectiveness, about rethinking business processes to consider all inputs and outputs and Total Cost. Have fun using this site as a resource and please comment freely! John Cooper Continue reading "My Vision - Small & Simple MetroNet Projects, By the Thousands" The Coming ExaFlood
This is the ... Internet ... I know, it looks like an internal view of the eye, or something. But this is what the internet is - a conglomeration of various local networks of different sizes. Some say there's a flood a' comin'... I'm not sure about that, but I know that the internet is an ever bigger part of our lives, and we're in a very dynamic situation where what we considered "a whole lot" two years ago is "not that much" two years from now... This brief addresses the growing need for internet bandwidth - communications infrastructure capacity at the backbone and last mile, being driven by a multitude of factors. Continue reading "The Coming ExaFlood" Posted on June 30, 2008 at 06:26 AM | Comments (0) The World Wide Web: W3, Web 2.0 and Beyond(Amazing video on Web 2.0 - check it out before reading on - you'll want to watch it a couple of times, it's so chock full of images.) There follows a brief on all things World Wide Web. Lots and lots of links. Be sure to watch both of the YouTube videos on this post, you won't regret it! Continue reading "The World Wide Web: W3, Web 2.0 and Beyond" Posted on June 28, 2008 at 04:04 PM | Comments (0) Quick, Cheap, and Good (Enough)Especially notable in the public sector are the wasted cycles spent trying to please all parties, trying to reach that perfect solution that will meet all the requirements of a project. But as we know living in the real world, its extremely rare to find that perfect solution. This brief outlines the issues associated with seeking the perfect instead of the best solution, and suggests an alternate pathway to get to the destination incrementally rather than in one fell swoop. Continue reading "Quick, Cheap, and Good (Enough)" Posted on June 23, 2008 at 11:48 AM | Comments (1) Digital Video and Voice - Forget About It!VOIP and VoD are two killer apps that are bringing enormous pressure to bear on two very large industries. And broadband internet is driving adoption of both of these applications. For those without broadband access - Forget About It. Continue reading "Digital Video and Voice - Forget About It!" Posted on June 22, 2008 at 04:35 PM | Comments (0) Time for a Second Look at Public Private Partnerships
So far, "Public Private Partnerships" mean that the public sector entity supports a private sector network operator/investor by agreeing to act as an "anchor tenant" by signing up for a long-term service contract, thereby lowering the risk of the project, ensuring project financing, and wooing over a reluctant private sector partner. So far. Things are changing, and I would suggest it's time to take a second look at what such partnerships might entail. Fact is, there are many successful network operators out there that do not consider the public sector to be within their tightly focused field of vision. They have achieved success with wireless broadband precisely by avoiding the mess that Muni Wireless has become. So they eschew any involvement at all with "government." But consider what would be possible if these successful network operators opened themselves up to the possibility of supporting a field digital transition project in a neighboring community. They already have a network in operation, servicing private sector clients. They have already made the required investments. Odds are, they have slack capacity in backhaul bandwidth and local area coverage...they could help, if they chose to. This brief argues for a second look at how we define a Public Private Partnership, on both sides. Let's open our minds to the possibilities presented by this time of change. Continue reading "Time for a Second Look at Public Private Partnerships" Posted on June 17, 2008 at 08:50 AM | Comments (0) Communities & Communications
We human beings really have it rough. We can't live without each other, but being in a society can be such a pain in the ass! So many of our problems stem from either the inability or unwillingness to communicate effectively with each other, or the difficulties we find in making our communities work equitably and functionally. The key to both age-old problems is improved communication and more effective communities by way of a digital transition and broadband communications networks. We need to all try to understand each other and get along better, because We Are Family... Continue reading "Communities & Communications" Posted on June 15, 2008 at 10:52 PM | Comments (0) March to MobilityAt the TAGITM conference last week, a thought occurred to me. Cities spend so much time and money and energy focused on the IT shop inside their city buildings. They have desktops, servers, networks, telephones, storage, software - it's their Enterprise function, and the IT support crew was out in force to make sure their needs are met. Most of the vendors were there to address the needs of the cities as it pertains to their enterprise IT functions, inside the house. Yet we know by experience that about half of any municipal workforce spends at least some of their time on a regular basis out in the field, and many, most especially the public safety folks, spend most of their time in the field. Their needs are assumed to be met by radios and cell phones, perhaps some air cards. So the mission of Field Digital Transition is to take the Enterprise functionality out of the office and into the field, to make employees more functional and efficient when they are away from their office. IT departments spend most of their time and money trying to get more efficient inside the buildings, tweaking what are no doubt already pretty efficient operations. Here is the magic of this space: IT departments could start spending some of that money on their field applications to make their field employees more effective. And given the current rudimentary state of field mobile data access, it is likely that the first waves of investment would produce significant savings in the first couple of rounds. And that is because, as we know, we are increasingly mobile in our lives and on the job. We have come to expect to stay connected by voice wherever we are. I call it the March to Mobility, and its a relatively recent phenomenon when it comes to data communication (as in broadband). Continue reading "March to Mobility" Posted on June 14, 2008 at 08:05 PM | Comments (0) The New Three Rs: Risk, Reward, and Resources
Sometimes I'm reminded of my days back in Jr. High, when the boys would stand on one side of the dance hall, checking out the girls on the other side of the dance hall, checking out them. Who would be first to take on the risk of rejection by asking another to dance? These days, city staff and officials, that is, those in the know, eye each other on their side of the public/private dance hall, checking out the vendors and their solutions, wondering who will go first to move into the 21st Century with a program of digital applications running on a broadband network, who will launch a digital transition. You can hear the thoughts, "It already looked risky before, when municipal wireless was brand new, then some cities jumped in and their networks failed. Now, it's not just perceived risk, but proven risk. Why even go down that path. Who needs it?" Problem is, over here on the private side, we feel like we've learned from the failures of the past, rejected the business models that led to failure in the first place, and devised an approach that has in fact, very low risk. But we will need some innovative cities to hear the message and get out there on the dance floor, or else we'll continue this stalemate and sit and tap our feet to the music, wondering what it would be like to be out there dancing. Perhaps this analysis of Risk, Reward, and Resources will help some city leaders to look at risk more analytically. Continue reading "The New Three Rs: Risk, Reward, and Resources" Posted on June 14, 2008 at 10:26 AM | Comments (0) Wi Fi Mesh Economics: CostsA key conclusion I draw from last weeks activities is that the complexities in Wireless Broadband challenge the decision making process for city staff and elected officials. Four ways of dealing with overwhelming complexity (not an exhaustive list, but a sample) 1. Break the problem and solution set down into smaller pieces so that one may move forward - call this one the Chew On It strategy - Break Down into Bite Size Pieces. 2. Present the rational but complex story to the decision makers and appeal to their rational right brains for a decision "on the numbers," call this one the Let the Numbers Sell Themselves 3. Stress the wonderful developments in technology - call this one the Wow 'Em with Wonder 4. Kick the problem down the road for someone else to deal with - call this one the Throw Up Your Arms strategy - "It's too complex - I can't deal with it." Unfortunately, too many product-oriented types have promoted wireless broadband projects based on #2 or #3, and way too many decision makers are opting for #4 in the face of the complexities presented by a strategic decision regarding wireless broadband, using recent bad news of pioneer project failures as an excuse not to go forward. I recommend #1, and here's why. With a little effort to get educated, the benefits become understandable and they truly are immense, if broken down into bite size pieces for understanding and decision-making and ultimately, for project management. To steer clear of a network-based solution and maintain the status quo of point solutions is to settle for the short-term easy and mundane, and to pass up the longer-term somewhat more challenging but compelling alternative. That's why I do what I do on this website, which can be described as chewing on things to make them make sense. As for Wi Fi Mesh Economics, a topic that bedevils so many, I've taken a stab at breaking a Mesh Network Project down into its key cost components to provide a better understanding of a potential project, and provided a rough estimating tool at the conclusion. The intent is to inject some reality into discussions. Check it out. Continue reading "Wi Fi Mesh Economics: Costs" Posted on June 14, 2008 at 06:37 AM | Comments (0) The Lowest Risk Publicly-Owned Network: The Case for Public OwnershipIn San Antonio, most people I talked with assumed that Municipal Wireless was dead. RIP. It's amazing how the brand had faded. So, I thought, why argue. In fact, my credo is more regional (Metropolitan) and independent of technology (Broadband), so it gives me a little liberty to agree and then stress the things you can do with the new technologies. It's about applications, and I got no argument in San Antonio this week. The clear focus is on two principal areas: Public Safety (Police Department) and Utilities (Automatic Meter Infrastructure or AMI). One thing that is compelling is that when one focuses on applications like Public Safety and Utilities, one quickly totes up a list of benefits that more than compensates for the price of the supporting network and applications. Thus, we get to the next in our series of executive briefs, this one focused on Publicly Owned Networks. More after you click through! Continue reading "The Lowest Risk Publicly-Owned Network: The Case for Public Ownership" Posted on June 13, 2008 at 09:51 PM | Comments (0) Don't Forget Water Utilities - They Can Be Connected TooI posted a long (8 page) brief I had written on electric utilities, broadband and municipalities this morning, and yet that leaves out many of the conversations I had this week about water conservation and the role that broadband connectivity and AMI can play to help to stimulate movement in a positive direction when it comes to a dwindling water resource. The theme of supply and demand and constrained resources kept coming up everywhere this week. It's a big issue with electric utilities, of course, given the rising cost of fuel, constrained transmission resources, climate change, and pending carbon tax issues. On the radio, Texas Public Radio broadcast in San Antonio had a discussion/debate on the Diane Rehm show about surface transportation policy and US Transportation Infrastructure, with differing opinions on whether we should focus on mass transportation, rail, and an integrated intermodal system, with information providing feedback on user behavior (demand side management), or whether that is doomed and what we really need to do is spend more money on building highways (supply side management). But water is a huge issue and will get bigger and bigger as we move forward. I even had a discussion with a guy at dinner who is selling traditional water meters to water utilities in Louisiana that - sit down for this one - don't even have any meters at all on their accounts! They sell unmetered water as a service! That is a traditional outmoded approach that assumes that the commodity of water is too cheap to meter - a flat rate is just fine, thank you very much. The problem with flat-rate services in general is that they end up with onerous cross-subsidization issues, where high consumers are subsidized by low consumers. With very cheap costs of commodity and very cheap transport costs, this may not matter, but the commodity cost is rising, and operation costs are rising as infrastructure needs upgrading and labor costs go up...there needs to be some rational mechanism to tie costs with revenue, and ultimately, to tie costs with benefits. High users should pay more than low users. More below on the growing issues around constrained water resources and the need for better and smarter utility management. Continue reading "Don't Forget Water Utilities - They Can Be Connected Too" Posted on June 13, 2008 at 07:56 AM | Comments (0) Utility Field Digital TransitionAs I continue to process conversations from this week, another thing that jumps out at me is the concept of living in a constrained environment. I wrote a post earlier this week titled The Clouds on the Horizon are Chickens Coming Home to Roost that really summed it up, but I believe that its going to take some time for this message to sink in here in America. We've had it quite good for quite some time, to the point where we've come to accept as normal a lifestyle that wastes resources. 1. Resources. We're moving from a period of abundant resources to one where our behavior is constrained by economics and shortages - reality is, we have to do things differently. Here's the brief I wrote about Utilities and Broadband. Continue reading "Utility Field Digital Transition" Posted on June 13, 2008 at 06:49 AM | Comments (0) Public Safety Digital Transformation: "To Protect and Serve"There were several noteworthy trends in my conversations the last two days in San Antonio at the Texas Association of Government IT Managers (TAGITM) 30th Anniversary Conference. 1. Municipal Wireless is Dead - more on this later - but seriously folks, that brand is in the trash nowadays. Text of the second document, after the jump. Continue reading "Public Safety Digital Transformation: "To Protect and Serve"" Posted on June 12, 2008 at 10:19 PM | Comments (0) Good Government Management: A Balancing ActI've started summarizing Lessons Learned and this week I rolled out several marketing pieces at the Texas Association of Government IT Managers (TAGITM)'s 30th Anniversary conference in San Antonio. It was a great two days, at the beautiful Westin La Canterra Resort, and my hat's off to those folks. They do what they do well. Lots of interesting conversation and dialogue with city officials and a variety of vendors, wandering around the trade show floor. More on that later, but for now, here's the first document that summarizes my assessment: Cities are in for a world of hurt with the slumping economy and the old ways of dealing with slumps are, well, pretty miserable. There's a better way. Across the board salary cuts, RIFs, wage freezes ... "sharing the pain" - "we've got to buckle down until times get better." Yechh, I can just hear it. My conclusion from all that's happened in our industry, is that there's a better alternative to the traditional way of managing a downturn in the economy. There's a better way than the two options of simply lowering costs or raising taxes when everything heads south...there's a Door Number Three to consider (thanks to my friend Ed Braddy for that one!)... And behind Door Number Three is a Field Digital Transition - the first brief then, after the jump... Continue reading "Good Government Management: A Balancing Act" Posted on June 12, 2008 at 09:32 PM | Comments (0) From Valley to Beltway: New Dealer, New Deck, New GameI'll tip my hat to the new constitution YAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAH! Meet the new boss If "Don't Stop Thinking About Tomorrow" was the song that fit the occasion at the Democratic Convention in 1992, when Bill and Hillary, Al and Tipper stepped out amid cascading confetti, highlighting the Baby Boomer transition of power, could "Won't Get Fooled Again" be the song that captures the mood this year, as another generation steps up? While the energy in this video is amazing, and the lyrics some of the angriest and most powerful ever cranked out - pure Rock N Roll genius...it's still just a little too - shall we say, Revolutionary? Angry? Nahh, not gonna happen, too radical ... but it'd be cool if it did. "Won't get fooled again" and the rest of the lyrics certainly seem to capture our national mood - does mine. I sensed a little of the potential power behind this nascent political movement last Tuesday night watching Barack Obama's speech in Minnesota, and since then, there's been plenty of analysis on how the primary unfolded the way it did and how the insurgent campaign of Barack Obama was able to defeat the once and still formidable Clinton machine. The best explanation I've seen so far of "how it happened" has to do with how Silicon Valley helped make Barack Obama the candidate by leveraging the power of the Internet and social networks to fund raise and activate an army of committed ground forces in every state. I wrote about it last week in Grasshoppers v. Ants, the Power of Networking. I offer three articles today that analyze further how this insurgency happened and what such change portends for the general election and beyond. Continue reading "From Valley to Beltway: New Dealer, New Deck, New Game" Posted on June 09, 2008 at 10:12 AM | Comments (0) The Clouds on the Horizon are Chickens Coming Home to Roost
It's a gloomy time in America, as dark clouds move in. The economic conclusion is becoming inescapable, the chickens are coming home to roost. The fact of consequences is an age-old truism - see it here in this biblical quotation: "Be not deceived; God is not mocked: for whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reap." Galatians 6:7 KJV It's right there in the headlines in the paper of record, the NY Times, as the stock market takes it on the chin yesterday ... Job Losses and Surge in Oil Spread Gloom on Economy. We've been kicking the can down the road for some time now, delaying the inevitable comeuppance of our lifestyles. We are, it seems, our own worst enemies. I don't subscribe to a victim mentality, so I can't make the leap that so many others seem eager to do, as they cast about and see the US as a nation of victims. We just have so much going for us in the first place to ever claim victimhood: we're smart, we have resources, and we have a history of leading ourselves out of disaster, finding a way out of the dark, into the light. And the way we generally pull ourselves up by the bootstraps is thus: there comes a time when we finally have to face the facts and let our innovation, creativity, and diligence lead us out. How did we get to where we are today? The signposts were there, had we only heeded them. Oh, hindsight really is 20/20! First we saw the rise of the two-income household in the 1970s - "good, you might say, at least we were willing to work to support our improved lifestyle." But why did we need more and more money just to buy more and more stuff? (See The Party Never Ends ... Cartoon Lemonade and The Story of Stuff from back in January) Then, back when it was "Morning in America" in the 1980s, we saw a resurgence of the stock market AND a resurgence of gas guzzling SUVs with our newfound wealth - "Maybe we could pump oil out of the ground forever ... at least, we felt rich back then!" But then what did we do? We shorted ourselves on long-term investments like alternative energy and infrastructure and instead spent our money on short-term lifestyle improvements. Cars got bigger, trucks got bigger (our waistlines got bigger) and houses got bigger and bigger. Where would this path take us? How much more could we consume? This song from Austin's own Timbuk 3 seemed to capture the spirit of the times back in the early 80s... The Future's So Bright, I Gotta Wear Shades. Man, those really were the days...I love this song! Then came a rise in borrowing against the equity locked safely away in homes in the 1990s and 2000s - "We're still rich! Whoaa, even richer, when you count all the extra cash I just pulled from my house!!" Now, in rapid succession, we've had the following over the past few years ... yechh! At the root of much of this bad economic news is a little bit of fate and a whole lot of self-inflicted damage, human behavior that resists living according to principles and understanding boundaries and limits, and resists reality. More on the jump. Continue reading "The Clouds on the Horizon are Chickens Coming Home to Roost" Posted on June 07, 2008 at 10:25 PM | Comments (0) Grasshoppers v. Ants, the Power of Networking
The disruptive effects of the internet are really quite incredible, when you think about it. (See the series of posts I did on Structural Change, starting back in early February.) While so much has been made about Obama's capturing the Democratic nomination - a truly historic event for this country for a major political party to nominate an African-American candidate - much less has been made of the incredible organizing and fund-raising effort of his campaign, founded in large part on leveraging the tools found out on the internet. (I covered that aspect pretty well in Top Down v. Bottom Up on May 26.) That's how innovation works - while any of the candidates could have used these tools, it took Obama and his group of innovators to actually do it and show the rest. This bodes well for our political future, I think. What strikes me about Obama, setting his progressive politics and potential for real change aside for a moment, is that he seems to capture the magic that Bill Gates, Steve Jobs and Michael Dell did when they launched Microsoft, Apple, and Dell and built billion dollar fortunes and business empires. Consider: Continue reading "Grasshoppers v. Ants, the Power of Networking" Posted on June 06, 2008 at 01:06 PM | Comments (0) Science for the Masses
When we consider the ubiquity of cellphones, iPods, personal computers and the Internet, it's easy to see how science (and the technology to which it leads) is woven into the fabric of our day-to-day activities. When we benefit from CT scanners, M.R.I. devices, pacemakers and arterial stents, we can immediately appreciate how science affects the quality of our lives. When we assess the state of the world, and identify looming challenges like climate change, global pandemics, security threats and diminishing resources, we don’t hesitate in turning to science to gauge the problems and find solutions. And when we look at the wealth of opportunities hovering on the horizon - stem cells, genomic sequencing, personalized medicine, longevity research, nanoscience, brain-machine interface, quantum computers, space technology - we realize how crucial it is to cultivate a general public that can engage with scientific issues; there's simply no other way that as a society we will be prepared to make informed decisions on a range of issues that will shape the future. Put a Little Science in Your Life The last few weeks, I've been in the process of honing an economic argument for broadband applications, business process improvement changes, and metropolitan broadband networks. And I think it grows more compelling by the day. See Putting the Cart Before the Horse for more details. But here comes an OpEd from the Sunday NY Times by Brian Greene, a professor of physics at Columbia, and author of The Elegant Universe and The Fabric of the Cosmos. He makes an argument that science is at the center of our lives and indeed, understanding science not only makes life more worth living, but it unifies us as we come to understand its wonders. Continue reading "Science for the Masses" Posted on June 04, 2008 at 05:36 AM | Comments (0) Digital Transition v. Municipal WirelessThe astute reader of this website will notice a change in the upper left corner of the main page...I don't get around to changing the "Featured Topic" section nearly as often as I should, and the "Exaflood" topic had cobwebs hanging from it. Mea Culpa. Managing this site is not unlike managing a household, or your desk. Sometimes you can overlook a desk drawer, and forget that it has a purpose other than to catch all the stray things that don't have a proper place. Maintenance of this site is an ongoing challenge, and I tend to focus on the blog posts, leaving the edges on their own. So, its news to me when I shift my focus and address a lingering issue. I've updated the Featured Topic with what I think is a very important discussion item - Digital Transition. I've added this new term to the glossary, and consider this a key point and new direction for us all. Digital Transition -The term "Digital Transition" describes the process all organizations must go through in the 21st Century, as they leverage new technologies that provide new options for Applications, Equipment, Processes, and Networks that make them more effective. In contrast, the term "Municipal Wireless" is limiting. It puts the network technology ahead of the application and process changes that drive the business case. A good way to understand this issue is to consider analog v. digital. Analog technology was revolutionary in the 20th century, when radio and television changed the landscape through exploitation of better understanding of how radio frequencies behaved. But with the advent of the transistor and the integrated circuit, a digital alternative was born and it matured in the second half of the twentieth century. As this digital progress was employed with the internet at the turn of the century, the potential of the transformation became apparent, and private sector companies began to leverage the new tools to be more competitive. Public sector organizations are lagging now, and have much ground to make up to be more effective. Thus, the "analog" approach reflects a 20th century mindset that still relies upon paper-based data, labor inputs, and manual processes. A "digital" approach demonstrates a 21st century perspective that takes advantage of low-cost, high-power digital computers and storage devices, VOIP communication devices and broadband networks to transform the potential of organizations. Undergoing a digital transition is a complex task that starts with a paradigm shift regarding the nature of the job, and a rewriting of the processes used to accomplish business objectives. Because digital technology evolves rapidly, a digital transition is more of an ongoing process than it is an event with a beginning and an end. Continue reading "Digital Transition v. Municipal Wireless" Posted on June 03, 2008 at 09:11 AM | Comments (0) In a National Leadership Vacuum, Local Leaders Slowly EmergeHere's an excerpt from a February 2005 interview with FCC Commissioner Michael Copps on Why our broadband policy's still a mess (Hint: It's STILL a mess, 3 years and some change later! Copps is expressing a minority opinion - no power to change things given the current make up of the FCC). What makes sense in terms of a national broadband policy? I think Congress is going to have to work through that. If we are going to fix the Universal Service system, which is predicated on the idea that everybody should have access to comparable communications at comparable and reasonable prices, we have to ask, is our advanced telecommunications part of that or not? Is broadband a part of that or not? So before we start fixing every little problem with universal service I think we ought to have some kind of a philosophical or national purpose or national objective discussion about where does broadband fit in. And when I talk about central-infrastructure challenge, you know it seems like each generation faces an infrastructure challenge. Before the Civil War, we had infrastructure challenges and building internal improvements of highways and turnpikes and canals. After the Civil War, it was building transcontinental railroads. With the Eisenhower years, we built the national highway system. I think our (challenge) is broadband. At the same time, the state legislature in Indiana recently shot down a bill that would impose significant restrictions on municipalities for launching their own broadband infrastructure services. It's not an easy thing if you're the leader of a hard-pressed, cash-strapped municipality - as all of them are in this day and age - to take on additional burden of providing broadband to your people. I think we do a grave injustice in trying to hobble municipalities. That's an entrepreneurial approach, that's an innovative approach. Why don't we encourage that instead of having bills introduced - "Oh, you can't do this because it's interfering with somebody's idea of the functioning of the marketplace." And then the marketplace is not functioning in those places. This interview states the problem well, but there's no other way to put this, we have a de facto policy to let the duopoly cable and telecom companies provide us broadband, and we get what they give us, in essence. But that's not always enough, so we are seeing metropolitan networks emerge, ever so slowly, against great odds. Continue reading "In a National Leadership Vacuum, Local Leaders Slowly Emerge" Posted on June 02, 2008 at 11:32 AM | Comments (0) Please reference the Weblog Archives for older entries. |
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